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Sample Paper 01

Class - 12th

Exam - 2025 - 26

Economics (030)

Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 80

General Instructions :

I. This question paper contains two sections :

Section A – Macro Economics

Section B – Indian Economic Development

II. This paper contains 20 Multiple Choice Type Questions of 1 mark each.

III. This paper contains 4 Short Answer Type Questions of 3 marks each to be answered in 60 to 80 words.

IV. This paper contains 6 Short Answer Type Questions of 4 marks each to be answered in 80 to 100 words.

V. This paper contains 4 Long Answer Type Questions of 6 marks each to be answered in 100 to 150 words.

Section-A

Macro Economics

1. From the given diagrams, identify the correct option that indicates the ‘Saving Curve’ passing through the origin drawn at a particular slope.

(A) (ii) (B) (iv)

“The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation reports that India’s Nominal Gross Domestic product (GDP) grew by 10% in the fiscal year 2022-23, while the Real GDP increased by only 6%. This discrepancy highlights the impact of inflation on the overall price levels of goods and services in the economy during this period.”

Source: [Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, GDP Estimates 2023](http://mospi.gov.in/gdp-estimates-2023)

Which economic indicator is used to measure the effect of price level changes on GDP in this context?

(A) GDP at Factor Cost (B) GDP Deflator

3. Money serves several crucial functions in an economy, including acting as a medium of exchange and a________ of value, allowing individuals to save purchasing power for future use. Choose the correct option to fill in the blank.

(A) Store (B) Measure

4. Read the following statements carefully:

Statement 1: The circular flow of income in a two-sector economy illustrates how households and firms interact in product and factor markets, demonstrating that the real flow and money flow move in opposite directions, thereby maintaining the equilibrium in the economy.

Statement 2: In the calculation of national income using the expenditure method, transfer payments such as unemployment benefits and scholarships are included because they represent government expenditure that stimulates economic activity.

In light of the given statements, choose the correct option from the following:

(A) Statement 1 is true and Statement 2 is false.

(B) Statement 1 is false and Statement 2 is true.

(D) Both Statements 1 and 2 are false.

5. Read the following figure carefully and choose the correct option from the alternatives given below:

Alternatives :

(A) Real (B) Circular

6. When aggregate demand equals aggregate supply at the level of full employment, the economy is said to

be in ________ equilibrium.

Choose the correct option to fill in the blank.

(A) Partial (B) Underemployment

7. Read the following statements carefully:

Statement 1: Full employment refers to a situation where all available resources in the economy are fully

utilized, and there is no involuntary unemployment, implying that everyone willing to work at the prevailing

wage rate is employed.

Statement 2: Involuntary unemployment occurs when individuals are willing to work at the current wage

rate but cannot find employment due to insufficient aggregate demand in the economy.

In light of the given statements, choose the correct option from the following:

(A) Both Statements 1 and 2 are false.

(B) Statement 1 is true and Statement 2 is false.

(D) Statement 1 is false and Statement 2 is true.

8. In the banking system, the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) is the percentage of a bank’s total deposits that must

be maintained with the central bank as reserves. A reduction in the CRR by the central bank will _______

the ability of commercial banks to create credit in the economy.

Choose the correct option to fill in the blank.

(A) Decrease (B) Not affect

9. Read the following statements carefully:

Assertion (A): Under a flexible exchange rate system, the exchange rate is determined by the forces of

demand and supply in the foreign exchange market.

Reason (R): In a flexible exchange rate system, the central bank frequently intervenes in the foreign

exchange market to stabilize the currency.

Choose the correct option from those given below:

(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion

(A).

(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion

(A).

(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

10. The balance of payments account that records transactions related to trade in goods and services, income,

and unilateral transfers is called the ______.

Choose the correct option to fill in the blank.

(A) Capital Account (B) Current Account

11. Calculate ‘Gross National Product at Factor Cost’ (GNP,c) from the following data by expenditure method

Items (in crores)

Private final consumption expenditure 1,000

Net domestic capital formation 200

Profits 400

Compensation of employees 800

Rent 250

Government final consumption expenditure 500

Consumption of fixed capital 60

Interest 150

Net current transfers from rest of the world (–) 80

Net factor income from abroad (–)10

Net exports (–) 20

Net indirect taxes 80

12. Describe in detail any three major sources of demand for foreign exchange in an economy. Explain how factors like imports of goods and services, foreign investments, travel, education abroad, and repayment of international loans contribute to the overall demand for foreign currency in the foreign exchange market.

What is Balance of Payments? Give meanings of trade balance and current account balance.

13. Derive the formula,

K =1/MPS

Where K = Investment Multiplier

MPS = Marginal Propensity to Save

14. In the given figure, what does the gap ‘KT’ represent ? State and discuss any two fiscal measures to correct the situation

15. Read the given excerpt taken from the article ‘What is ‘Money” published by The Economic Times on 20th september 2022

“The money came into existence to overcome the drawbacks of the barter system. Earlier, people used to exchange goods and services as a form of commerce. This often led to many disadvantages, one of which was the double coincidence of wants. To solve this problem, a standard medium of exchange, money, was introduced.”

Explain in brief the function of money highlighted in the given excerpt.

Define credit multiplier. What role does it play in determining the credit creation power of the banking system?’Use a numerical illustration to explain.

16. (i) “Management of a water polluting oil refinery says that the it (oil refinery) ensures welfare through its contribution to Gross Domestic Product”. Defend or refute the argument of management with respect to GDP as a welfare measure of the economy.

(ii) Giving reason, explain the treatment assigned to the following while estimating national income

(a) Interest paid by banks on deposits by individuals

(b) National debt interest

17. (i) From the following data about a government budget, find out the following

(a) Revenue deficit

(b) Fiscal deficit

Contents ` (in Arab)

Tax revenue 47

Capital receipts 34

Non-tax revenue 10

Borrowings 32

Revenue expenditures 80

Interest payments 20

(ii) Explain the budgetary measures for achieving the objective of setting up of production units in backward regions.

(i) Classify the following taxes into direct and indirect tax. Give reasons for your answer.

(a) Corporation tax

(b) Entertainment tax

(ii) Distinguish between primary and revenue deficit?

Section-B

Indian Economic Development

18. “Rural development involves improving the quality of life and economic well-being of people living in

rural areas. One of the key issues is providing adequate credit facilities to farmers, which can help them

invest in modern agricultural practices and improve productivity.”

Which institution plays a crucial role in providing credit and supporting rural development in India?

(A) Urban cooperative banks

(B) Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI)

(D) Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)

19. Observe the image given below and choose the most appropriate option.

(A) Higher population is a bane for the country

(B) Development is sustainable when there is inter-generational consideration

(D) All of the above

20. Read the following statements carefully:

Statement 1: The informal sector provides high job security and formal contracts to workers.

Statement 2: Informalisation of the workforce refers to the increasing number of workers in the informal sector.

In light of the given statements, choose the correct option from the following:

(A) Statement 1 is true and Statement 2 is false.

(B) Statement 1 is false and Statement 2 is true.

(D) Both Statements 1 and 2 are false.

21. Read the following statements carefully: Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose the correct option from those given below:

Assertion (A): Sustainable development prioritizes economic growth over environmental concerns.

Reason (R): Sustainable development aims to meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Options:

(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion

(A).

(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

22. Compared to its neighbours, India’s economic growth has been ______ due to its ______ strategies, which include a mix of agriculture, industry, and services sectors.

Choose the correct option to fill up the blank.

(A) slower; protectionist (B) comparable; diversified

23. Under colonial rule, which sector contributed the most to India’s GDP on the eve of independence?

Which of the following is/are correct ?

(i) Industrial sector

(ii) Agricultural sector

(iii)Service sector

(iv) Mining sector

Option :

(A) (i) only (B) (ii) only

24. Which of the following was NOT a primary focus of India’s Five Year Plans between 1950 and 1990?

Which of the following is correct ?

(A) Enhancing agricultural productivity (B) Promoting industrialization

25. Identify which of the following statements is correct about the Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation

(LPG) policy introduced in India.

Which of the following is correct ?

(A) LPG policy aimed to increase state control over key industries.

(B) LPG policy restricted foreign direct investment in India.

(D) LPG policy focused solely on agricultural reforms.

26. Which of the following are components of human capital?

Which of the following is correct ?

(A) Physical assets and infrastructure (B) Education and health

27. Which of the following are key characteristics of the informal sector in India?

Which of the following is correct ?

(A) Formal employment contracts and job security

(B) Lack of social security benefits and irregular wages

(D) Flexible working hours and informal job arrangements

28. The figure given below depicts that India’s environmental problems pose a dichotomy- they are poverty induced and at the same time arise due to affluence in living standards. Do you agree with the given statement? Justify.

29. Bring out the need for on-the-job-training for a person.

Defend or refute the statement with valid explanation

“There are more number of regular salaried employees found in urban areas than in rural areas”.

30. India and China show contrasting demographic trends as per the World Development Indicators, 2015.

India’s annual population growth rate was 1.2%, significantly higher than China’s 0.5%, reflecting faster expansion. The gender ratio in India stood at 929 females per thousand males, while China reported a slightly better ratio of 941. These variations highlight the impact of differing policies and socio-economic factors on their populations. Source World Development Indicators, 2015

31. (i) Give the meaning of demonetisation?

(ii) Discuss briefly any two major steps taken by the Government of India on ‘Financial Sector’ front under the Economic Reforms of 1991.

Deepesh argues that in the era of privatisation, there is no need for government intervention in education and health sectors. However, his friend Mahesh argues that education and health care services create social benefits and therefore there is a need for government intervention in education and health sectors. Decide with reasons, who is right?

32. State whether the following statements are true or false, with valid arguments

(i) Substituting fertiliser subsidies with agricultural subsidies as the farmer was benefitting fertiliser industry and not the target group has been the topic of immense debate regarding provision of subsidies during 1960’s and 70’s.

(ii) The main reason for constituting Karve Committee in 1955 was setting capital good industries in rural areas and thus promoting rural development.

33. Read the following text carefully and answer the given questions on the basis of the same and common understanding

One of the most compelling reasons for studying environmental science and management is the fact that,in the view of many leading authorities, we are now experiencing an environmental crisis, indeed, many authors have claimed that the present environmental crisis is unprecedented in its magnitude, pace and severity (Park 2001). Awareness of this environmental crisis has grown since the 1970s, partly as a result of the prominence given to major so-called ‘environmental’ disasters such as the Sahelian droughts of the 1970s and 1980s and the nuclear accident at Chernobyl in 1986.

A major assessment of the global environment published in 1999, the UNEP Global Environment Outlook 2000 Report (UNEP 1999), drew attention to two critical, recurring themes

the fact that the global human ecosystem is threatened by grave imbalances in productivity and in the distribution of goods and services as evidenced by the fact that a large proportion of the human population lives in poverty and that a widening gap exists between those who benefit from economic and technological development and those who do not

the fact that accelerating changes are occurring at the global scale, with rates of economic and social development outstripping progress in achieving internationally co-ordinated environmental stewardship-with the result that improvements in environmental protection due to new technologies are being ‘cancelled out’ by the magnitude and pace of human population growth and economic development. Consequently, a wide range of environmental problems has emerged, those problems include anthropogenic climate change (‘global warming’), the depletion of stratospheric ozone (the ‘ozone hole’), the acidification of surface waters (‘acid rain’), the destruction of tropical forests, the depletion and extinction of species, and the precipitous decline of biodiversity. Yet, while all of these problems have physical (environmental) manifestations, their causes - and their potential solutions - are invariably bound up with human attitudes, beliefs, values, needs, desires, expectations and behaviours. Thus, the symptoms of the environmental crisis cannot be regarded purely as physical problems requiring solutions by environmental ‘specialists’, instead,they are intrinsically human problems and they are intimately related to the question of what it means to be human.

(i) “Opportunity costs of negative environ-mental impact are high.” Comment.

(ii) There exists a positive correlation between environmental sustainability and economics development.

Do you agree? Give suitable reason in support of your answer.

34. (i) Define worker population ratio.

(ii) What do you understand by the term ‘distress sale’?

(iii)Literacy rates in India have increased but so has the absolute number of illiterates. Why?

(i) Enlist some problems faced by farmers during the initial years of organic farming.

(ii) “In recent times, the Indian economy has experienced the problem of casualisation of the workforce. This problem has only been aggravated by the outbreak of Covid-19.”

Do you agree with the given statement? Discuss any two disadvantages of casualisation of the workforce in the light of the above statement.

SAMPLE PAPER 2

Class - 12th Exam - 2025 - 26 Economics (030)

Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 80

General Instructions :

I. This question paper contains two sections :

Section A – Macro Economics

Section B – Indian Economic Development

II. This paper contains 20 Multiple Choice Type Questions of 1 mark each.

III. This paper contains 4 Short Answer Type Questions of 3 marks each to be answered in 60 to 80 words.

IV. This paper contains 6 Short Answer Type Questions of 4 marks each to be answered in 80 to 100 words.

V. This paper contains 4 Long Answer Type Questions of 6 marks each to be answered in 100 to 150 words.

Section-A

Macro Economics

1. Read the following statements carefully:

Statement 1: The aggregate demand function is parallel to the consumption function.

Statement 2: Aggregate demand is obtained by vertically adding the consumption and investment functions. In the light of the given statements, choose the correct alternative from the following:

(a) Statement 1 is true and statement 2 is false (b) Statement 1 is false and statement 2 is true

2. Two friends Anjali and Sakshi were discussing the exchange rate systems.

"Under this system, the exchange rates are determined by the market forces of demand and supply. However, deliberate efforts are made by the competent authority to keep the exchange rates within a specific range."

The above-mentioned statement was given by Sakshi. Identify the type of exchange are system was she talking about?

(a) Fixed Exchange Rate (b) Floating Exchange Rate

3. In order to encourage investment in the economy, the Central Bank may_———

(a) Reduce cash reserve ratio (b) Increase cash reserve ratio

4. If in an economy, the value of investment multiplier is 4 and autonomous consumption is ₹ 30 crore, the relevant consumption function would be:

(a) C=30+0.75 Y (b) C=(-) 30+ 0.25 Y

5. With reference to the given diagrams, identify the correct option that indicates supply of foreign exchange.

6. Supply of money refers to ________&

(a) currency held by the public

(b) currency held by Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

(d) currency held in the government account (1)

7. Read the following statements-Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose one of the correct alternatives given below:

Assertion (A): Break-even point is the situation where consumption is equal to income.

Reason (R): Break-even point exists where APS is zero.

Alternatives:

(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A)

(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A)

(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true (1)

8. Refer to the given diagram carefully:

The flow from 'Households' to 'Firms' in the form of 'Factor Services' is part of the market.

(a) Product (b) Goods (c) Financial (d) Factor (1)

9. Read the following statements-Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose one of the correct alternatives given below:

Assertion (A): Consumption curve makes an intercept on the Y-axis, some point above the origin.

Reason (R): People need certain basic goods and services to sustain themselves, even if income is zero.

Alternatives:

(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A)

(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A)

(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true (1)

10. Indian rupee (2) plunged to all time low of on Indian exports. 84.18 against the US dollar ($). State the impact of this situation

(a) Increase in exports of India (b) Decrease in exports of India

11. Explain 'non-monetary exchanges' as a limitation of using gross domestic product as an index of welfare of a country. (3)

12. (A) List the components of current account of Balance of Payments Account. (3)

(B) When price of a foreign currency rises, its supply also rises. Explain, why? (3)

13. (a) On the basis of the given image, explain the steps which may be taken by the Government of India to control the indicated macroeconomic issue. (3)

(b) Define 'Open Market Operations'. (1)

14. Mr. Raj is a factory owner. Due to a fall in aggregate demand in the economy, he is unable to sell his products. As a result, he decides to reduce his production and lays off a few of his workers. These workers are ready to work at the current wage rate but cannot find employment.

Classify the type of unemployment faced by the workers. Give a valid reason in support of your answer.(4)

15(A) Explain any two methods of credit control by the Central Bank. (4)

(B) Define Credit Multiplier. What role does it play in determining the credit creation power of the banking system? Use a numerical illustration to explain. (4)

16. Read the following text carefully:

The Finance Minister's presentation of the Union Budget for FY23-24 focused on seven "Saptarishi," or fundamental pillars, intended to direct India's development and progress. A closer look at each pillar is provided below:

1. Inclusive development: Making sure that all facets of society share fairly in the advantages of economic expansion.

2. Reaching last mile: Enhancing the provision of advantages and services to the most isolated and neglected regions.

3. Infrastructure investment: Developing and growing infrastructure in fields including electricity, digital connection, and transportation.

4. Unleashing potential: Promoting entrepreneurship, innovation, and the expansion of industries with great promise.

5. Green growth: Advancing environmentally friendly technology and sustainable development. 6. Youth power: Providing education, chances for skill development, and employment to empower the younger

generation.

7. Financial sector: Enhancing efficiency, inclusivity, and resilience by modernising and strengthening the financial sector.

With the goal of building a more just,

sustainable, and vibrant economy for India, these pillars are intended to address a variety of issues related to social and economic growth.

On the basis of the given text and common understanding, answer the following questions: (a) How does the "Green Growth" pillar of the Government Budget 2023-24 contribute to sustainable development?

(b) What is the focus of the pillar "Inclusive Development" in the Union Budget for FY23-24 (4)

17. (A) "Interest on National Debt' should not be included in the estimation of National Income. Defend or refute the given statement with valid reason. (3)

(B) How is Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) different from Nominal Gross Domestic Product (GDP)? Explain using a numerical example. (3)

Sr. No. Particulars ₹ (in crores)

(i) Rent and interest 6,000

(ii) Wages and salaries 1,800

(iii) Undistributed profit 400

(iv) Net indirect taxes 100

(v) Subsidises 20

(vi) Corporate Tax 120

(vii) Net factor Income to abroad 70

(viii) Dividend 80

(ix) Consumption of fixed Capital 50

(x) Social security contribution by Employer 200

(xi) Mixed Income 1,000 (6)

SECTION B

INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

18. Read the following statements-Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose one of the correct alternatives given below:

Assertion (A): As per select demographic indicators 2022, the density of India is 473 per sq. km.

Reason (R): As per 2022 select demographic indicators, the estimated population of China is 1500 million.

Alternatives:

(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A)

(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A)

(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true (1)

19. Which one of the following is not an institutional source of credit?

(a) Self-Help Groups (b) Commission Agents

20. Based on the chart, approximately, what was the average growth rate in employment across all the listed industries during the period FY18 to FY22?

(a) 20% (b) 22% (c) 24% (d) 26%

21. New agricultural strategy was also known as:

(a) White Revolution (b) Agricultural Revolution

22. Read the following statements carefully:

Statement 1: The reform process in China also involved dual pricing.

Statement 2: In order to attract foreign investors, Special Economic Zones (SEZs) were set up in China In the light of the given statements, choose the correct alternative from the following:

(a) Statement 1 is true and statement 2 is false

(b) Statement 1 is false and statement 2 is true

(d) Both statements 1 and 2 are false (1)

23. Read the given text carefully:

It is a group of finance ministers and central bank governors from 20 of the world's largest economies including those of many developing nations, along with EU which is represented by the President of European Council and by Head of the European Central Bank. India is also a member of this group.

Identify the economic group which has been highlighted in the given text.

(a) ASEAN (b) BRICS (c) SAARC (d) G-20

24. Identify the correct pair from the following Column I and Column II, and choose the correct alternative:

Column I Column II

A. Self-employed workers (i) They own and operate a business to earn their livelihood

B. Casual wage workers (ii) They get wages on permanent basis.

C. Regular salaried workers (iii) They are not hired on permanent basis

D. Formal sector workers (iv) They work only in private sector.

Alternatives:

(a) A-(i) (b) B(ii) (c) C-(ii) (d) D-(iv) (1)

25. System where farmers and industrial units were to buy and sell fixed quantities of raw material and products on the basis of price fixed by government was termed as:

(a) Special Economic Zones (b) Great Leap Forward

26. The two-fold motive of British Government behind de-industrialisation of India was:

(i) To reduce India to the status of a mere exporter of important raw materials

(ii) To sell British manufactured goods in Indian market at high prices

(iii) To focus on development of agriculture

(iv) To get finished products from India at cheap rate

Options:

(a) (1) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iv)

27. Which of the following is the modern concept of development?

(a) Economic development (b) Economic growth

28. State whether the following statements are true or false with valid reasons:

(a) In the course of economic development of a country, workers migrate from rural to urban areas. (1.5)

(b) Employment is not secure in organised Sector.

29. (A) "Human capital formation gives birth to innovation, invention and technological improvements." Do you agree with the given statement? Support your answer with valid arguments. (3)

Or (B) What is organic farming and how does it promote sustainable development? (3)

30. Human Development Index was constructed to calculate the development of humans in the form of food, shelter, education and health. A high HDI shows full spectrum growth of individuals and countries. China is ranked 81st, India ranked 128th and Pakistan stands 136th. China has a better GDP due to its high GDP per capita. Also, population control has prevented the population from expanding. Due to all the above factors, GDP has increased.

In light of the given text, state any four indicators of human development apart from mentioned above. (4)

31. (A) What was the focus of the economic policies pursued by the colonial government in India? What were the impact of these policies? (4)

(B) 'The traditional handicraft industries were ruined under the British rule. Do you agree with this view? Give reasons in support of your answer.(4)

32. Refer to the given image carefully:

Answer the following questions on the basis of the given image:

(a) Identify which Panel depicts deforestation and which depicts afforestation.(1)

(b) Explain one major impact of deforestation on global warming. Also, suggest one benefit of afforestation in mitigating climate change. (3)

33. Read the following text carefully:

The cotton textile industry is one of the traditional industries of India. In the ancient and the medieval times, it used to be only a cottage industry. India was famous worldwide for the production of muslin, a very fine variety of cotton cloth, calicos, chintz and other different varieties of fine cotton cloth. The development of this industry in India was due to several factors. Onc, it is a tropical country and cotton is the most comfortable fabric for a hot and humid climate. Second, large quantity of cotton was grown in India. Abundant skilled labour required for this industry was available in this country. In fact, in some areas the people were producing cotton textiles for generations and transferred the skill from one generation to the other and in the process perfected their skills. Initially, the British did not encourage the development of the indigenous cotton textile industry. They exported raw cotton to their mills in Manchester and Liverpool and brought back the finished products to be sold in India. This cloth was cheaper because it was produced at mass scale in factories in UK as compared to the cottage based industries of India.

In 1854, the first modern cotton mill was established in Mumbai. This city had several advantages as a cotton textile manufacturing centre. It was very close to the cotton producing areas of Gujarat and Maharashtra, Raw cotton used to be brought to Mumbai port to be transported to England. Therefore, cotton was available in Mumbai city itself. Moreover, Mumbai even then was the financial centre and the capital needed to start an industry was available there. As a large town, providing employment opportunities attracted labour in large numbers. Hence, cheap and abundant labour too was available locally. The machinery required for a cotton textile mill could be directly imported from England. Subsequently, two more mills, the Shahpur Mill and the Calico Mill were established in Ahmedabad. By 1947, the number of mills in India went up to 423 but the scenario changed after partition, and this industry suffered a major recession. This was due to the fact that the most of the good quality cotton growing areas had gone to West Pakistan and India was left with 409 mills and only 29 per cent of the cotton producing area. On the basis of the given text and common understanding, answer the following questions:

(a) Where were cotton textile industries mainly located in India? How their location and ownership was different from that of Jute textile industries? (2)

(b) Why were cotton textile mills mainly located in western parts of the country (specially Mumbai) only? (2)

34. (A) What is meant by agricultural marketing?

(2)

(B) State the defects of agricultural marketing. (2)

(D) Is environmental crisis a recent phenomenon? If so, why? (3)

(E) Differentiate between physical capital and human capital.(3)

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