RURAL DEVELOPMEMT

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Rural development means an action plan for the social and economic growth of rural areas. In other words, rural development refers to continuous and comprehensive process attempting to improve all aspects of rural life.

Challenges for Rural Development

lingering challenges are:
 (i) Rural credit
(ii) Rural marketing 

emerging challenges include: 
Options of sustainable livelihood, other than farming
Organic Farming 

    Rural Development Process/ includes the following:

(i) HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT:
 Literacy, Education, Skill Development and Health Facilities

(ii) Development of Infrastructure

(iii) Land Reforms

(iv) POVERTY ALLEVIATION AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATION PROGRAMMES

       IMPORTANCE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

More than 49% of the population depend on agriculture. 2/3 population live in rural area.
Most of the poor people live in villages.
Agricultural growth rate has to 3%-4% per DURING THIS COVID-19
Cottage and village industries have declined.
So, to improve the welfare of people steps should be taken for the development of villages.

RURAL CREDIT


The word credit literally means faith.
Credit is an arrangement by which the lender gives money or goods to a borrower in return for a promise of repayment in future.

                       IMPORTANCE OF RURAL CREDIT
Credit is needed to buy seeds, fertilisers, implements etc. It is also needed to meet other expenditure till the crops are ready.
Credit is needed to buy additional land and to make wells and tube wells.
Credit helps to start small scale industrial units in village areas.
During crop failure, credit will help farmers to survive and to continue cultivation.
Credit helps a farmer to adopt new technology.
Credit is needed to meet family expenditure during marriage, death or religious functions.

Sources of Rural Credit 

Institutional Sources of Credit -
Banks
Land Development Banks
Co-Operatives Societies
NABARD
Self Help Group
 
Non-Institutional Sources of Credit -

Money-Lender
Landlords
Traders
Friends and Relatives

 Achievements of Rural Credit in India

Farmers could adopt new technology
Famines could be avoided
Small scale units came up
Employment Increased and Poverty reduced.

 Failures of Rural Credit System

Failed to develop the habit of saving and deposit mobilisation
Recovery of loans is not effective

                             Role of Micro Credit

Micro credit is provided by Self Help Groups.
Micro credit facility saves villagers from the exploitation of money lenders.
It helps villagers to start micro production units and earn additional income.
SHG s encourage saving habits among the village people . 
They also contribute towards women empowerment. 

It is difficult for village people to get credit from formal sources

Banks demand collateral security. Most of the villagers do not have any collateral security.
Banks do not consider poor people credit worthy. They are not interested to give loans to poor people.
Bank branches are not found in many villages.
Banks demand several documents. Poor people will not be able to arrange these documents.

AGRICULTURAL MARKETING



      Obstacles in the path of Agricultural Marketing
(Problems faced by farmers while marketing their goods)

Traders cheat farmers by wrong weighing and manipulation of accounts.
Farmers generally do not know the prices in the markets. So, traders pay them low prices.
Farmers do not have proper storage facilities.
Most of the villages do not have good roads.
There are many middle men between the farmer and the consumer. So, farmer gets low prices.

Steps taken by the Government to promote Agricultural Marketing

1. Regulated Markets:
The Government has established Regulated Markets in different parts of the country.
The sale and purchase of goods in these markets are controlled by a market committee consisting of representatives of Government, farmers and traders.

2. Development of Infrastructural facilities: The Government has taken steps to construct roads, ware houses, cold storages and processing units to help farmers to market their goods.

3. Co- operative Agricultural Marketing Societies: The co-operative societies of farmers may collect the products and profitably market them in towns and cities.

4. Farmers Market: In some states like Tamil Nadu, the Government established Farmers Market. The farmers can bring their products directly to these markets and sell to consumers. Middle men can be avoided.

APNI MANDI – PUNJAB, HARYANA AND RAJASTHAN
HADASPAR MANDI – PUNE
RYTHU BAZAR – ANDHRAPRADESH AND TELANGANA
UZHAVAR SANDHAI – TAMIL NADU



5. Storage Facilities: The Government has set up a number of pest free and weather proof storage facilities to farmers to store their products.

6. Minimum Support Price: The Government announces MSP for some agricultural crops well before the sowing season. At the time of harvesting, if the market price is lower than the MSP, the Government will buy those crops from the farmer at the MSP.

7. Some Multi National Enterprises enter in to agreement with farmers. They encourage farmers to cultivate certain crops. They provide them seeds, fertilisers and money in advance. Later, they buy the products and market them.

AGRICULTURAL DIVERSIFICATION


AGRICULTURAL DIVERSIFICATION

Production of a number of crops in the same farm along with various non-farming activities is called Agricultural Diversification.
Sericulture, Dairy farming and Fish farming are some of the non-farming activities.
Farming becomes profitable and less risky.



Mixed Farming



ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Animal Husbandry is the breeding and caring of animals such as cattle, goats and sheep.
It provides stable income to the farmer. 
Animals help in transportation and agricultural work.
It provides food stability and the fuel needed for the villagers.
Large number farmers earn their livelihood from animal husbandry.
Animal waste can be used as manure.

White Revolution

FORESTRY

Scientific utilisation of forests and forest products is called Forestry. 
It can provide additional income to the farmers who live in villages located close to forests.

Sericulture

Horticulture

It is the art of cultivating fruits, vegetables flowers, medicinal plants and spices.
It contributes one – third of the total value of agricultural products.
It contributes 6% of the GDP of India.
India is the second largest producer of fruits in the World.
It enables farmers to earn high income.

The role of Non-Farm Activities in promoting Rural Development


Non- farming activities reduce population pressure on land. Surplus labour in agriculture can be used in such activities. 
They help the farmer to sell value added products and earn higher income. Thus they help in reducing poverty.
Farmers can get themselves engaged in non-farm activities during off season. Thus, they solve seasonal unemployment. 
Even a loss in farming due to crop failure will not affect the farmer much if he has some non-farm activities also.

IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURAL DIVERSIFICATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVLEOPMENT

Agriculture in India depends on monsoon rains. So, it is risky. Diversification will help farmer to earn income from non-farm activities.
During rabi season, agricultural activities are less. There will be unemployment. It can be reduced by developing non-farming activities.
Diversification will help to reduce disguised unemployment.
Diversification with different farming and non farming activities helps the farmer to earn higher income. This improves their standard of living.



Organic Farming

It is a system of farming that uses organic inputs. Chemical Fertilisers, pesticides and insecticides are not used. Bio manure and biological methods of pest control are used. 

IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC FARMING FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

It is environment friendly. Chemicals are not used. So, it does not damage the environment.
It protects soil health. It sustains the quality of soils.
It produces nutritious and tasty food. The crops are free from dangerous chemicals.
It does not use Non-Renewable resources. Thus, it promotes sustainable development.
It is less expensive. It uses locally available resources. Farming becomes profitable.
Organic crops have good demand in other countries. We can get foreign exchange.
It is labour intensive farming. So, many people get work.

LIMITATIONS  OF ORGANIC FARMING

Lack of awareness among the farmers. Many are unwilling to take up organic farming.
Infrastructural facilities are not sufficient and marketing facilities are limited.
Yield from organic farming is less. This will discourage farmers from adopting it.
Organic products have more blemishes and shorter shell life.
We do not have adequate demand for organic products as they are costlier.
It requires inputs like organic manure. Bio-fertilisers and pesticides. Farmers find it difficult to get.


ROLE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND FOOD SECURITY

Information Technology can help to achieve sustainable development and food security in the modern World.
The Government can find out areas of food insecurity and vulnerability by using Information Technology.
IT can be used to provide information to farmers about new crops, technology and market conditions.
IT can create employment opportunities in village areas.


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